摘 要
小學英語課程已在各小學開展有數年，在此基礎上又開展瞭新課改。新課改強調以學生為中心，以學生需要為中心。在實施過程中，由於曲解瞭教師的主導作用和學生的主體作用。教師的主導作用是教師的主導作用是指在教師和學生這對矛盾統一體中，教師通過創造條件促使矛盾轉化即通過創造外部因素來誘發學生的內部因素調動學生的積極性引導教學活動向教學目標方向發展。教師的主導作用是從教學活動的意義上說的，他決定瞭教學的方向，方法，形式和內容。學生的主體作用是從教學認識的意義上說的。發揮教師的主導作用是學生間接有效的學習知識，發展身心的必要條件。
關鍵詞：小學；教師的主導作用；學生的主體作用；
Abstract
English courses have been offered for several years ,now the minnistry of educatin carried out new class reforms.New class reforms emphasize on all student-centred,all student’need-centred. But in the real process ,many schools misunderstand the meaning of the dominant role of students, students , the leading role of teachers . The leading role of teachers is in the paradox between students and teachers, and by the creation of conditions teacher can help promote conflicts transformationnot. In other word, creat external factors to induce the internal factors to bring students’ enthusiasm into play , and guide learning activities to the direction of the goals of teaching. The leading role of teachers is said from the point of teaching activities, and a teacher determines the direction, methods, form and content of teaching. Student's main role is to understand from the realization of teaching. The leading role played by teachers is a necessary condition of students indirectly, effective learning of knowledge, for the physical and mental development.
Key words:primary school;the leading role of teachers ;the dominant role of students
Introduction
In today’s world,with the rapid development of technology and science, international competition is becoming increasingly fierce.Therefore ,the competition of technology and science is the key of comprehensive national power among the whole world，and information technology is the chief representation of modern technology and science.With the informatization of social life and globalization of economic activation, foreign language especially English is becoming a very important tool of the reform and opening and the communication with the world .In order to make China enter into the trend of globalization easily , the ministry of education decided that offering the English course in primary school is an important content of the reform of basic education in the 21st century .After several years’development ,Chinese English undertaking has gotten tremendous improvements ,English courses were opened in broad primary and middle schools,at the same time ,different educational theories were appeared. With regard to the current traditional educational theories ,the minnistry of educatin carried out new class reforms.New class reforms emphasize on all student-centred,all student’need-centred. But in the real process ,many schools misunderstand the meaning of the dominant role of students, because of undue emphasis on the dominant position of students , the leading role of teachers is greatly ignore. Especially in the period of primary school,because of the specialty of English in primary school and pupils, if give up the leading role of teacher centred teaching mode, and hand all the dominant role to pupils whose learning ability is not very good,it can be imagined that our teaching standard will get down,which will directly effect the quality of our country’s foundational education. So how to treat the leading role of teachers in primary school’s English is a problem which is needed to think deeply.This essay will discuss the importance of the leading role of teachers in primary English teaching from several opinions .
Ⅰ.The characteristics of pupils and features of primary school
A.The Target of English Course in Primary School
From the third to sixth grade , English courses is opened which target is to stimulate pupil’s interest in learning English , to cultivate their positive attitude towards English learning so that they can establish a preliminary study of self-confidence in learning English , to forst students’ certain sense of language and a good basis for pronunciation and intonation, so that they form the initial use of simple everyday English communication ability to lay the foundation for further study.
B.The Physical and Psychological Features of Pupils
Pupils of the third to sixth grade is about 9 -12 years of age . In this adolescent periods, pupils have some features , which are curious, hyperactive,the fond of loving performance, good at imitating and so on. They like new thing, for example , an unfamiliar language can stimulate their curiosity about the interest in English learning .They like to get attention of others, and attach importance to teachers’ praise .And also they are not afraid of making mistakes, very few have a sense of shyness. The various parts of their body organs are still growing and has not yet growing up, so they own a unsteady sound than those adults’ organs have ,so the tone of voice to imitate a foreign language is easier than adults. Their memory is good, thinking in images is good, but the lack of rational thinking, logical thinking ability is not strong. Willpower, and comprehension and self-control ability were not very satisfactory, so students need the teachers’ help.
C.The Common Features of Our Students
Next, scholars have also done the survey which showed that, the majority of our students, who receive the impact of the the traditional Confucian culture and mode of education , are characterized with the following some typical characteristics: First,students’ perform in the class teaching is passive, and are difficult to speak out their own opinions, and this characteristic often performed more obviously in high-grade students.Language teachers in teaching process is often encountered this situation: When the teacher raised an issue, the majority of students may know the answer, but very few people will take the initiative to answer, the result is often that the teacher points to the person to get reaction. Many teachers, especially foreign teachers, which are quite puzzling on the students’ perform. Further investigation showed that the main reasons are :1. a student's own lack of confidence; 2 .students are afraid to be the leading one, herd mentality,a sense is working on students. The new or low-grade performance of students is more active is basically just like an old saying “Green hand is fearless of anything”. Second, examination-oriented, that is, the learning contents may appear in exams, then the students learn very seriously; On the contrary, it is hard to say. So a very embarrassing situation of teachers are in, teachers whose subject is major and need to have an exam have great psychological advantage, while the teachers whose subject is not major and need not to have an example, inevitably feel guilt conscience. Third, there must be pressure in order to have momentum. In this respect our students are generally like the spring. External pressure is greater,the reaction will be stronger. Many facts show that our students are highly potential, if there is a clear exam-oriented goals or have learned there is a strong near-term practicality, they will be able to efficiently spare no effort to capture one by one facing the knowledge "fortress." In China, the status of primary education in foreign languages is that most students are both lack of subjective and objective pressure or do not have enough pressure, this is one of the reasons that the progress of China's foreign language proficiency of students is improbed slowly. Finally, and most typically, our students have a strong dependence on teachers, and respect for the authority of teachers. This authority is performed in two aspects: one is what the teacher says is always correct, students rarely have doubts; the other hand, listening to the teacher, then, so what to do on what to do, so how much to do How many, there may be resentment, but to ensure timely completion of tasks.Our students are very representative of these characteristics, and only with the right recognition of these problems can we prescribe the right medicine for these problems.
According to the physical and psychological characteristics of primary school students and the current Chinese educational situation, the characteristics of English language teaching in primary school are: teaching content course is close to life; the classroom often used games, dialogues and other forms of visual scenes for teaching and learning are often uses, made use of the multi-media modern teaching methods, the atmosphere is a better language environment; in class teachers always employ incentive mechanisms,in order to encourage students to be more proactive.
But in our primary school English class, too much emphasis on the creation of the situation, even for situation, so that created a false situation. Many teachers holding such an exception that in such situation the children learned English naturally. But this exception is the ebony of the original book, a river without water, is obviously unrealistic. In the 40-minute English class, the teacher actually teaching a foreign language is actually very little time for pupils who are at the stage of consolidating the foundation is very harmful.
Ⅱ.The leading role of teachers and the dominant role of studensidedness.
A .The Role of Teaching and Studying
Teaching activities are bilateral activities which have two aspects of teaching and learning, for teachers this is a work practice, in essence, in order to complete the task ,to achieve training objectives for student services, teaching science exist because of the exist of learning.For students, teaching is a special learning activity which are under the conditions, the special conditions of such learning activities are in the service of teachers, with the help of the teachers ,students can saves time and effort and do not take detours or less than learning by themselves. Therefore, teaching exist for learning.
B.The Defition of the Leading Role of Teachers and the Dominant Role of Students
Looking back to foreign language teaching theory and practice in recent years, what are highly broadcasted and recognized are the traditional teaching and modern teaching concept.The traditional teaching concept is that the leading role of teachers is that the teachers are the central figure who played dominant roles in class. Its dominant focus should be placed on "main", this naturally also neglects the role of the main body of students, this concept misinterprets the leading role of teachers in deed. The leading role of teachers is in the paradox between students and teachers, and by the creation of conditions teacher can help promote conflicts transformationnot. In other word, creat external factors to induce the internal factors to bring students’ enthusiasm into play , and guide learning activities to the direction of the goals of teaching. The leading role of teachers is said from the point of teaching activities, and a teacher determines the direction, methods, form and content of teaching. Student's main role is to understand from the realization of teaching. The leading role played by teachers is a necessary condition of students indirectly, effective learning of knowledge, for the physical and mental development.In other words, the teaching and guiding of teachers are external cause of the development of students, and the dominant role of students, students’ subjective initiative is the internal couse of the development of students, these two factors for students’ learning are indispensable, and can not be ignored on either side off these two roles. At the same time must emphasize that the true recognition of the dominant position of students demands teachers service for the theme inevitably, to form a teacher-student relationship which is to service and is serviced, teachers should become a student’s mentor, teachers should put completely down the state of "masters" in teaching and learning process, . Teachers should come down on the throne, which constitutes a contradiction with the students ,the very antithesis of "the dignity of the teaching profession,"put ourselves in for the students sake, help, support, support students learning.In short, the leading role of teachers and the dominant role of students are to complementary and indispensable.
Ⅲ.The play of the leading role of teachers in English class of primary school
A.The Reflection of the Leading Role of Teachers
Modern education theory called for giving class back to studentsc, in fact , this is not a weakening of the leading role of teachers ,but to improve the request towards the teachers. In the process of English teaching,the teacher’s leading role is reflected in many aspect, such as to explain encourage ,guide , inspect ,assess and explain and controllingly grasp activities of students’ learning language knowledge, all of these activities are treated completeing the educational purpose as the center. The dominant role of students is reflected in the discussion, understanding, thinking, analysis, and self- evaluation, these have to be consistent with the leading role of the teachership.
In teaching, teachers play a leading role with the objectivity and necessity. The direction of teaching, teaching content, teaching methods, teaching process, learning outcomes and the quality of education and so on, are all determined and designed mainly by the teachers. Students are difficult to accomplish this, they need to learn under the guidance of a teacher. Teachers play a leading role in teaching, which is the main duty of education;at the same time, because teachers are got highly specially educated and trained, so they can be a very good grasp of the direction of teaching, content, methods, etc. which is hard for students who are in growing development stages whose knowledge and experience are not rich, and lack of certain depths of understanding of things and the ability to identity.
The leading role of teachers is mainly reflected in two aspectst: lesson preparation and teaching :
1. The Leading Role of Teachers in Preparing Lessons
The so-called "teachers are who transmit wisdom, impart knowledge and resolve doubts", this sentence is mainly talked about what teachers did is in a dominant position. Teaching is a very complex system, whether a lesson is good or bad depends above all on the teachers prepartion. Therefore, before class teachers are carefully studying materials again and again, which is to make clear teaching objectives and requirements; not only to grasp the main points of teaching content and difficulties, but also be ready to how to import the text. In teaching English texts this aspect is often neglected . The function of course guide is reflected in the inspiring and guiding students in thinking to led students in a short time into the classs’s best state. Therefore, teachers should make every effort to use the import strategies and in this way to make students to participate in the teaching process, which is a pioneer of learning lessons. Preparing lessons also need to pay attention to the other three main areas: (1). Analyze and understand the students, teachers should cultivate friendship with the students. Students are the object of teachingship, are the main body of learning.Teaching must proceed from the actual level of the students, and for all students.Teachers should always talk with the students to understand the ideas and effects after learning, targeted to prepare a good lesson. In class, it is easy to put the students and the teaching together. (2). Selection of teaching aids, to stimulate student’s interest in learning. Lesson preparation should also be considered in the selection of visual aids, make full use of pictures, objects, text recording and listening training materials. At the primary school English classroom, but also made some pictures, ask the students to paint, fully attract the attention of the students,to make students to see, to listen, to say without special consciousness. (3). To guide students to do a rehearsal and review of the lesson. At the same time of lesson preparation, teacher should take into account to guide students to prepare for new courses, call the students to prepspell new words. Texts have been look at a few times in advance to find out where not to understand ,and pay more attention to when that is lectured in class. And assignment should be appropriate and thoughtful to reduce the burden of students, to consolidate and improve the day’s teaching content.
2. The Leading Role of Teachers in Teaching
The class is the most important way to impart knowledge in schools, primary school’s lesson is only 40 minutes, how to design, how to organize, how to use,are extremely important. The leading role of teachers most most importantly is reflected in the class, teachers should strive to improve teaching methods, to increase the strength and density of the language practicing in class, improve the quality of class teaching. In my opinion, the first step is to use 10-minute checks on students’ master of the basic knowledge in a refresher course, to induce the old into the new situation, so that to connect the old and new knowledge. On the basis of the step, then into teaching new courses, timing 20 minutes, lecture asks the purpose is clear, focuse is obvious, and to focus on reading comprehension, comprehensive ability to inspire students thinking, "finishing touch" rather than "superfluous." Finally another 10 minutes, the consolidation of new courses teaching, organize students to appropriate practice. I think this 10-20-10 3 paragraphs teaching methods not only help teachers to play a leading role, also help students to play the dominant role: both the review and new courses, but also pay attention to advantage of new courses at the time of possession, as in a class the last 10 minutes also service for the middle 20-minute teaching, is an extension and continuation of teaching new courses, This 10 minutes both the consolidation of new courses’ teaching content, and the reduce of the burden of students in after-school review.
The teacher's role is considered to be an example of guiding and learning.In class ,teachers should guide students to give a right answer.,give a timely feedback, An experienced English teacher, always get emotional activities together with intellectual activities, which is intended to stimulate student's interest to strengthen the sense of participation, enhance students’ mental health. Intellectual activity is a way to enhance the students understanding level that can inspire students to think, to enhance students’ mastery of the features of English.
B.Teacher’s performance in an English-teaching class
In the class, when students were transferring their attention, the teacher should analyze the reasons. By changing teaching methods to increase the number of student-teacher interaction topics, mobilizing students’initiative to participate in the activities ,then attract the attention of the students return to class teaching .Because the teacher does not simply play a teaching role, with the process of the teaching activities carried out, particularly in the class at any time there are some different situations, the teacher was asked to play different roles. When introducing new contents , teachers are those who explain and demonstrate;in the course of practicing the language ,the teachers are not just the organizer,but also mentor;in the process of review and consolidation,the teachers are who help students.,to play the dominant role, the teacher should also get accurate feedback of information, rational organization of teaching, the teaching process from start to end should be in the development of dynamic balance. Teachers need to understand the relationship between the purpose of teaching and the teaching content , in teaching teachers should follow cognitive development and mastery of knowledge of English of the students.
Conclusion
English teaching is the same like any other subject’s teaching ,which is concluded in two aspects ,teachers’ teaching and students’ studying, these two aspects can not be seperated .they ae all the important parts in teaching process.But in the roles of teaching,the role a teacher and a student played is not all the same one ,teachers play the leading role ,and students play the diminant role,only in this condition which the leading and dominant roles are played well at the same time can the teaching process go on effectively. From the angle of transmitting knowledge ,the leading role of teachers is more important.From the angle of the final result of teaching,the dominant role of students is the decisive one,because whether students can learn and master knowledge or not depends on whether students are thinking actively and working hard in the learning process or not,in other words ,it depends on students’ subjective initiative.From the angle of internal and external cause, only the internal causes work well, students can make full use of the external cases, only teachers teach and guide well,can students learn betters. English teaching in primary school is in the same way. Pupils’ psychological and physical states are still developing,with the help of teachers’ college, pupils can learn English well ,to lay solid foundation for basic English education in our country ,to get ready for students’ English learning in next phase ,to offer more and better talented people for China’s reform and opening-up .
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